A Study on the Status Quo and Trend of Green Energy Technology for Shipping Industry
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摘要: 航运可持续发展背景下，针对国内外碳排放发展战略及北极航道商业化航行的排放要求，研究绿色能源技术，实现航运业低碳化和清洁化已成为航运科研的重大任务。为明晰绿色燃料对实现航运碳中和的应用潜力，围绕能源技术的研究前沿，针对氢、氨和绿色甲醇3类绿色能源在国内外航运船舶中的技术应用和技术研究现状进行综述和评论，并从技术成熟度和商业成熟度2个角度对航运绿色能源开展初步技术评估，进而从燃料生产、运输储存加注、动力系统、船舶设计改造和航行运营5个方面分析讨论了航运绿色能源技术目前所存在的主要问题。分析结果表明：相较于传统重质柴油和LNG燃料技术，当前绿色能源技术的应用主要受制于燃料成本高昂且未实现规模化供给、基础配套设施缺乏、关键设备的研发及改造技术不成熟，并且尚未有1种燃料具有全方面、压倒性的技术优势从而能够完全替代现有传统燃料，但基于现有的技术路线和研究趋势，可预见甲醇将成为实现阶段性碳减排目标的主要能源。而实现碳中和目标，氢和氨则更具优势。氢和氨分别更适用于实现内河和海运船舶的碳中和目标。此外综合绿色航运能源的技术现状、主要问题和发展趋势，从燃料供应链建设、船舶技术研发、标准及政策法规3个方面提出发展建议。Abstract: In the context of developing a sustainable maritime transportation system, the green energy technology is studied from the perspective of the domestic and foreign carbon emission policies and the discharge requirements of Arctic waterway commercial navigation. In order to develop a shipping industry with a low-carbon emission, it has become a major task for the relevant researchers to study the green energy technology. Focusing on the innovative study of energy technology, the application potential of green fuels to achieve carbon neutrality in shipping is first studied. The applications and research progress of hydrogen, ammonia, and green methanol on ships at home and abroad are reviewed. A preliminary evaluation of green energy for shipping industry is conducted from the perspectives of the Technology Readiness Level and the Commercial Readiness Index. The main problems of using green energy technology in the shipping industry are analyzed and discussed from the following five aspects: fuel production, fuel infrastructure, power system, ship design, and navigation operation. Study results show that the main factors restricting the application of green energy technology are the high cost of fuel, the difficulty of large-scale fuel supply, the lack of basic supporting facilities and the immature key equipment technology. Compared with traditional heavy diesel and LNG fuel technologies, there is no single fuel that has comprehensive and overwhelming technical advantages to completely replace existing traditional fuels. However, based on the status quo and development trends, it can be predicted that methanol will become the main energy to achieve phased carbon reduction. Hydrogen and ammonia are more advantageous in achieving carbon neutrality and are suitable for achieving carbon neutrality of inland and marine vessels, respectively. Based on the issues identified from the existing studies, the suggestions are offered from the following three aspects: supply chains, ship technologies and standards.
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Key words:
- green shipping /
- green energy /
- carbon emission /
- carbon neutral fuel /
- waterway transportation
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表 1 主流绿色能源理化性质
Table 1. Physical and chemical properties of main green energy
燃料类型 化学式/主要成分 物理状态 热值/（MJ/kg） 沸点/ ℃ 闪点/ ℃ 密度/（kg/m3） 液态能量密度（/ MJ/L） 自燃点/ ℃ 可燃极限/% LNG CH4 液态 50 -162 -175 450（-162 ℃） 22.5 650 5~15 甲醇 CH3OH 液态 19.9 65 11 791（25 ℃） 15.7 464 6~36 氢 H2 气态 120 253 70.8（-253 ℃） 8.5 585 4~75 氨 NH3 气态 18.6 -33 682（-33 ℃） 12.7 630 15~28 
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表 2 船用动力比较
Table 2. Marine power comparison
动力燃料类型 减排效果/% 环境风险 技术成熟度（0~9） 商业成熟度（0~9） LNG 10~30 甲烷泄露 9 7 绿色甲醇 10~90 仍会产生二氧化碳排放 7.6 3.2 液氢 100 无 6.8 2.4 氨 50~80 氨有毒性；有氮氧化物排放 7.0 2.9
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表 3 氢燃料主要技术构成情况
Table 3. Main technical composition of hydrogen fuel
技术构成 技术成熟度（0~9） 商业成熟度（0~9） 燃料生产 9 3 运输、储存与加注 储存 7 3 加注 5 1.5 驳运 7 3 动力系统 氢发动机 7 1.5 氢燃料电池 7 3 船舶设计改造 7 3 航行运营 不适用 1.5
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表 4 氨燃料主要技术构成情况
Table 4. Main technical composition of ammonia fuel
技术构成 技术成熟度（0~9） 商业成熟度（0~9） 燃料生产 9 4.2 运输、储存与加注 储存 9 4.5 加注 7 1.5 驳运 9 4.5 动力系统 氨发动机 5 1.5 氨燃料电池 5 1.5 船舶设计改造 8 3 航行运营 不适用 4.5 排放 氮氧化物 9 3 N2O 5 不适用
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表 5 绿色甲醇燃料主要技术构成情况
Table 5. Main technical composition of green methanol fuel
技术构成 技术成熟度（0~9） 商业成熟度（0~9） 燃料生产 9 3 运输、储存与加注 储存 9 4.5 加注 9 3 驳运 9 4.5 动力系统 发动机 9 3 燃料电池 5 2 船舶设计改造 7.8 5 航行运营 不适用 4.5 排放 9 3
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表 6 各能源生产成本情况
Table 6. Energy production costs
燃料类型 成本（/ 元/t） 热值成本元/MJ 低硫柴油 4 851 0.106 6 LNG 7 434 0.148 6 灰氢 16 860 0.140 5 蓝氢 28 100 0.297 5 绿氢 44 960 0.374 6 灰氨 2 680 0.144 1 蓝氨 3 705 0.199 1 绿氨 4 521 0.243 1 生物甲醇 2 789 0.140 2 电制甲醇 3 675 0.184 7 注：“灰”“蓝”“绿”分别表示“基于化石燃料采用化工技术制备”“基于化石燃料采用环保技术制备”和“基于可再生能源采用 环保技术制备”。
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表 7 氢、氨、甲醇2021年产能
Table 7. Capacity of hydrogen, ammonia and methanol in 2021
燃料类型 全球产量/百万t 中国产量/百万t 氢 70 33 氨 230 71 甲醇 170 97.38
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表 8 不同存储技术对比
Table 8. Comparison of different storage technologies
储氢技术类型 存储条件 能量密度（/ MJ/m3） 柴油 常温常压 39.6 LNG -163 ℃ 22.5 高压气态储氢 300 bar 2.48 700 bar 4.73 液态储氢 -253 ℃ 8.5 氨 -33 ℃ 12.7 甲醇 常温常压 15.7
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表 9 各类动力应用研究情况
Table 9. Research on various power applications
燃料类型 动力类型 预计上船应用年份 氢 四冲程内燃机 2030 燃料电池 2026 氨 二冲程内燃机 2026 四冲程内燃机 2027 燃料电池 2036 甲醇 二冲程内燃机 已上船应用 四冲程内燃机 2025 燃料电池 2031
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表 10 氢、氨和甲醇的毒性情况
Table 10. Toxicity of hydrogen, ammonia and methanol
燃料类型 毒性 氢 无毒 氨 > 18 mg/m3，引起刺激作用 > 144 mg/m3，永久性损伤 甲醇 > 285 mg/m3，皮肤侵蚀
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