Attentional Characteristics of Pilots for International Exempting Flights Based on Signal Detection Theory
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摘要: 《疫情期间豁免机组成员值勤期、飞行时间限制的实施办法》要求执行豁免航班(即不过夜休息航班)机组人员应对各种信号具有较高的检测能力。飞行员信号检测能力代表机组人员信息加工能力的准确性与决策效率, 高效的信息加工及决策效率能有效保障飞行安全。可见, 飞行员选择性注意、持续性警觉与阶段性警觉对飞行安全至关重要。基于信号检测原理, 设计了评估飞行员对选择性、持续性、阶段性3种刺激信号判别能力(d')与判断标准(β)的测试方法。收集了国内飞往北美洲的豁免与不豁免航班中18名飞行员在飞行过程中对上述3种信号的判断结果, 确定了辨别能力与判断标准, 绘制了受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)。结果表明: 在豁免与否2种模式下, 飞行员在去程降落后的疲劳自评感受差异最明显(卡罗琳斯卡嗜睡量表差值=2.333, 机组人员状态检查表差值=1.222);飞行员对选择性信号辨别能力(sig=0.337)与判断标准(sig=0.200)无显著性差异; 豁免航班飞行员对持续性信号的辨别能力(d'=4.149)高于不豁免航班(d'=3.137), 判断标准(β=0.616)低于不豁免航班(β=0.629);豁免航班中飞行员对阶段性信号判断能力(d'=3.916)高于不豁免航班(d'=2.994), 判断标准无显著性差异(sig=0.262)。总体而言, 豁免航班飞行员对3种信号辨别能力高于不豁免航班, 判断标准与平均反应时无显著差异。豁免航班飞行员信号检测能力不会对安全运行产生负面影响。Abstract: Exempting flights are those without providing overnight rest to the pilots, which follow the policy: Implementation Measures for Exempting Crew Members from Duty Period and Flight Time Requirements during COVID-19.Pilots of exempting flights should have a high level of ability to detect various signals The signal detection ability represents the accuracy and efficiency of the crew's information processing and decision making, which are effective in ensuring flight safety. A high level of selective attention, tonic alertness and phasic alertness of pilots are of great importance for flight safety. Based on the principle of signal detection, a test method is designed to assess pilot's sensitivity(d') and bias(β) of the 3 types of signals. The results of 18 pilots' in-flight judgement outcomes of three types of signals are collected, pilots are all on domestic exempting and non-exempting flights to North America. Three types of signals' sensitivity and bias are calculated, receiver operating characteristic curves(ROC) are drawn. Finally, the following conclusions are conducted. The difference of self-reported fatigue degree between exempting and non-exempting flights is most significant after the outbound flight landing(karolinska sleepiness scale's difference = 2.333, samn perelli scale's difference = 1.222). Sensitivity and bias regarding selective signal show no significant difference between exempting and non-exempting pilots(sig =0.337, sig =0.200). The sensitivity to tonic signal of exempting pilots(d'=4.149) is higher than that of non-exempting pilots(d'=3.137), and bias of tonic signal of exempting pilots(β =0.616) is lower than that of non-exempting(β =0.629). The sensitivity to phasic signal of exempting pilots(d'=3.916) is higher than that of non-exempting pilots(d'=2.994), while bias has no significantly different(sig =0.262). Overall, exempting pilots have higher ability to perceive the three signals than non-exempting pilots, while their bias and average reaction time show no significant difference between the two flight modes. The signal detection ability of pilots on exempting flights does not negatively affect flight safety.
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Key words:
- aviation safety /
- pilots /
- attentional characteristics /
- signal detection theory /
- ROC curve /
- exempting flights /
- international route
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表 2 飞行员对3种信号的判断结果
Table 2. Pilots'judgment results of three types signals
信号类型 判断结果 去程起飞前 去程飞行中 去程降落后 返程起飞前 返程飞行中 返程降落后 选择性信号-不豁免 击中 0.932 0.892 0.849 0.827 0.903 0.857 漏报 0.068 0.108 0.151 0.173 0.097 0.143 正确否定 0.996 0.996 0.992 0.991 0.997 0.994 虚报 0.004 0.004 0.008 0.009 0.003 0.006 选择性信号-豁免 击中 0.859 0.872 0.827 0.758 0.865 0.819 漏报 0.141 0.128 0.173 0.242 0.135 0.181 正确否定 1.000 0.998 0.995 0.998 0.999 0.997 虚报 0.000 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.003 持续性信号-不豁免 击中 0.972 0.971 0.971 0.969 0.966 0.970 漏报 0.028 0.029 0.029 0.031 0.034 0.030 正确否定 0.934 0.905 0.873 0.853 0.919 0.872 虚报 0.066 0.095 0.127 0.147 0.081 0.128 持续性信号-豁免 击中 0.997 0.995 0.997 1.000 0.997 0.997 漏报 0.003 0.005 0.003 0.000 0.003 0.003 正确否定 0.862 0.855 0.877 0.781 0.859 0.817 虚报 0.138 0.145 0.123 0.219 0.141 0.183 阶段性信号-不豁免 击中 0.857 0.875 0.810 0.827 0.908 0.814 漏报 0.143 0.125 0.190 0.173 0.092 0.186 正确否定 0.975 0.975 0.975 0.977 0.970 0.974 虚报 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.023 0.030 0.026 阶段性信号-豁免 击中 0.859 0.799 0.833 0.793 0.850 0.812 漏报 0.141 0.201 0.167 0.207 0.150 0.188 正确否定 0.996 0.997 0.992 0.998 0.998 1.000 虚报 0.004 0.003 0.008 0.002 0.002 0.000 
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表 3 3种信号AUC
Table 3. AUC of three types of signals
是否豁免 选择性信号AUC 持续性信号AUC 阶段性信号AUC 是 0.939 0.938 0.938 否 0.947 0.957 0.944
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